It wasn’t too long ago that gasoline and diesel were the only two options to power your car. But these fuel types come with serious drawbacks including high cost and environmental hazards. With the increased need to use renewable fuel sources, several other options are being used more frequently – and more are continuing to emerge. With that in mind, here are a few of the most popular types of fuel for cars, and how to determine the right one for your vehicle.

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Gasoline

The most commonly used fuel for cars is gasoline. It is easily combustible, which allows for quick starting and fast acceleration. However, the high levels of carbon dioxide produced from burning gasoline is a leading contributor to pollution and, in turn, global warming. According to the Union for Concerned Scientists, cars and trucks account for nearly one-fifth of all U.S. global-warming emissions. In response, many companies and consumers are increasing their use of alternative fuel types.

There are generally three different types or “grades” of gasoline, determined by the gasoline’s octane level. A level of 87 is considered “regular,” 91 is “premium,” and 89 is mid-grade. The grade of gasoline you should use depends on the type of vehicle and engine you have. (More on that below).

Diesel

Along with gasoline, diesel is the other popular form of fuel, used specifically for diesel engines. Diesel vehicles are more fuel efficient, often traveling about 20% to 35% farther on a gallon of fuel than their gas-powered counterparts. Therefore, vehicles that are traveling far distances, such as trucks and vans, commonly use diesel engines. It also produces less carbon dioxide than gasoline. However, it does create nitrous oxide, which causes smog.

Liquified Petroleum

Better known as propane, liquified petroleum is a much cleaner and cheaper form of fuel. Many hybrid cars in foreign countries such as the United Kingdom have been designed to use propane. However, automobiles in the United States rarely use it. The only way to use propane domestically is to convert your vehicle’s gas engine.

Ethanol

Ethanol is a popular biofuel made from sugar cane, barley, corn and other natural resources. However, it is generally used as an additive in other fuel sources in order to help cut down on hazardous emission. According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), more than 98% of U.S. gasoline contains ethanol, typically E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline).

But gasoline with higher percentages of ethanol also exist. E85, also called flex fuel, is an ethanol-gasoline blend containing 51% to 83% ethanol. E85 can only be used on Flex Fuel Vehicles, which are specially designed to run on gasoline, E85, or any mixture of the two. Ethanol can be extremely helpful in cutting down on emissions but a car’s fuel delivery system and engine need to be designed to use it.

Compressed Natural Gas

Compressed natural gas is a clear, odorless and non-corrosive gas that can be used in liquid or gas form to run a combustion engine, though gas engines would need to be converted to use it. The fuel produces approximately 80% less emissions than gasoline. Additionally, vehicles that run on compressed natural gas are similar in power, acceleration, and cruising speed to gasoline or diesel vehicles. Compressed natural gas can limit driving range, though, as less overall gas can be stored in the same size gas tank.

Biodiesel

This renewable, biodegradable liquid fuel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled cooking grease. According to the DOE, biodiesel emissions are 74% lower than those from petroleum diesel. Diesel vehicles can generally use a low percentage of biodiesel without any engine modification. However, higher levels of the fuel will require modifications.

Determining the Type of Fuel for Your Car

Gasoline vs. Diesel

Most vehicles in the United States run on gasoline or diesel fuel. The driver’s manual should dictate the fuel type your car needs. There should also be a label on the fuel door that reads something along the line of “Diesel Fuel Only” or “Unleaded Gasoline Only.” If there’s ever a doubt, call the manufacturer.

It is imperative that you put the proper fuel in your car’s tank. Gas engines cannot combust diesel fuel and vice versa, so the car won’t start if it is filled with the wrong fuel type. Even worse, it can cause serious damage to the engine.

AAA Approved Auto Repair Facilities can help get your car back out on the road. Find the nearest one here.

Regular vs. Premium

As stated previously, gasoline grades are dependent on the fuel’s octane level. Higher octane levels ensure the gas burns evenly, which helps keep your engine cleaner and improve performance. Therefore, it is commonly used in vehicles with high-compression engines or turbochargers, like sports cars.

The car’s manual should state the gasoline grade needed. It may suggest premium gas but not require it. If this is the case, your car should be able to run fine with lower grade gas, and it could save you money.

The Future of Fuel

Internal combustion cars are and will continue to be the popular vehicles, but electric cars continue to grow in popularity. Currently electric vehicle sales are about 3 percent of all the vehicle sold, but that could change quickly. Ford General Motors and Stellantis Corporation have a goal of having up to 50 percent of the vehicle sales being electric in just 9 years.

Further in the future we could see a more popularity with hydrogen. Hydrogen is stored in a onboard tank and that hydrogen goes through a fuel cell and makes electricity to run the electric motor(s). The byproduct of hydrogen combustion is water. Unlike battery electric car, hydrogen cars refuel much quicker.

AAA members can save money at the pump with Shell’s Fuel Rewards program. Learn more.

Motorists can find the cheapest gas prices wherever they are by using the AAA Mobile App.

The best restaurants with a view in NYC are not hard to come by. Spectacular sights abound in the city – whether waterfront, street view or panoramic outlooks of the skyline. And when it comes to rooftop views, NYC’s got some of the most amazing there are.

When dining out, the view of New York City is perhaps the best company you could ask for. It elevates the meal (sometimes literally) and creates a memory that will last long after you’ve licked the crumbs from your dessert plate.

The Best Restaurants With a View in NYC

The River Café
1 Water Street, Brooklyn

A New York City Classic with prime real estate under the Brooklyn Bridge, the AAA Four Diamond and Michelin-starred River Café has been wowing customers with romantic views of the Manhattan skyline and the Statue of Liberty since 1977. Serving classic New American fare, the restaurant consistently receives rave reviews. Nightly piano music enhances the ambiance. A dress code is enforced for dinner, when men are required to wear jackets and ties are preferred.

The View Restaurant & Lounge
The Marriott Marquis, 1535 Broadway

High above Times Square, The View is NYC’s only revolving rooftop restaurant. Located within the Marriott Marquis hotel, express glass elevators whisk guests up to the 48th floor, where they are met with eye-level views of some of the tallest buildings in Manhattan. The revolving floor makes a 360-degree turn every hour, so the sights are always changing. Contemporary American cuisine is served, featuring an award-wining wine list, prix fixe dinner menu and a Sunday mimosa brunch buffet. One floor up, The View Lounge serves cocktails and a dinner buffet until late night. Unlike the main restaurant, the lounge operates on a first-come, first-serve basis with no reservations required.

Asiate (pictured above)
The Mandarin Oriental, 80 Columbus Circle at 60th Street

Part of the AAA Five Diamond Mandarin Oriental, Asiate accentuates the hotel’s top selling point – its stunning panoramic views from the top of the Time Warner Center overlooking Central Park, Columbus Circle and beyond. The interior, which incorporates elements of nature and a wine wall with more than 3,000 bottles, is equally stunning. Modern and contemporary American dishes are served a la carte for breakfast and lunch, while a three-course prix fixe menu and chef’s tasting menu are offered at dinner. On the weekend, the restaurant is also open for a three-course prix fixe brunch.

Riverpark 
450 Eat 29th Street

Tom Colicchio’s farm-to-table restaurant is visually impressive, inside and out. Situated on the edge of the East River, guests are treated to water views from the dining room’s large surrounding windows or can choose from two outdoor dining options. On the patio, traditional seating and full menus are served, while the terrace provides a more casual and communal atmosphere with picnic tables. Featuring modern American cuisine, the menus change daily, using fresh and seasonal ingredients from local greenmarkets and farms.

ONE Dine
One World Trade Center
285 Fulton Street

On the 101st floor of One World Trade Center, ONE Dine is one of three on-site eateries that are part of One World Observatory (that’s a lot of ones!). Serving a casual a la carte menu of seasonally-inspired items, the sit-down restaurants overlooks the main observation floor and boasts panoramic city views from every angle. Reservations are required and can only be made with the purchase of a ticket to the Observatory.

Grand Banks
Pier 25 Hudson River Park

Can’t get enough water views? When it comes to the best view restaurants in NYC, Grand Banks – based aboard the historic Sherman Zwicker, a wooden schooner anchored in the Hudson – is unforgettable. Open seasonally, you’ll feel like you’re on vacation as you enjoy a nautically-inspired cocktail or glass of wine or champagne with all the sustainably harvested and wild-caught East and West coast oysters your heart desires. Although the star of the menu is the oysters, Chef Kerry Heffernan also serves up a concise menu of ingredient-driven small-plates and brunch.

Food and Drinks With Rooftop Views 

Cantor Roof Garden Bar 
1000 Fifth Avenue

Guests can access this treasure atop the Metropolitan Museum of Art via the elevator in the European Sculpture and Decorative Arts galleries. Open seasonally from early spring through fall, the rooftop delivers panoramic views of Central Park and features a new art installation every summer. The café serves specialty drinks, small plates, salads, sandwiches and sweets and on Friday and Saturday nights it becomes a martini bar. The rooftop follows the same hours as the museum, so plan accordingly.

Serra by Birreria
200 Fifth Avenue

Located in Eataly, the Flat Iron District’s Italian food market, Serra by Birreria is a rooftop restaurant perfect for those that enjoy change. While many restaurants update their menus with the seasons, the overall design of Serra’s greenhouse-themed space is also made to shift from spring to summer to fall. And with a retractable roof and heaters, the weather outside won’t stop you from enjoying your meal or the view.

The Press Lounge
653 11th Avenue

Part of Ink 48 hotel and the sister venue of PRINT restaurant, the Press Lounge is an elegant rooftop setting with sweeping views of Midtown Manhattan and the Hudson River. Guests who are 21 years of age and over are invited to take the elevator up and get some fresh air and sample seasonally inspired cocktails and small plates. General open seating is first-come, first-serve. Reserved seating is recommended for large groups and requires a deposit of $50 per quest.

And there you have it – some of the best restaurants with a view in NYC. If you like dining in a picture-perfect setting, you’ll also enjoy our article about the Loeb Boathouse in Central Park.

Have you been to any of these restaurants? Do you have any other favorites spots the area with great views that you would like to add? Tell is us in the comments.   

Learn more about AAA Diamond establishments. 

About a two hour drive from the bright lights and fast pace of New York City, straight down to the tail fins of the Long Island “fish,” you’ll find sprawling vineyards and dozens of wineries both large and small producing some of the top-rated wines in the nation.

A journey out to Long Island’s East End is an excellent way to spend a weekend staycation or day trip in New York. The trail is vast and every winery has something special and unique to offer, from award-winning bottles to picnic areas. Most have tasting rooms and tours, and many also offer live music and special events on the weekends.

The geography, soil, and maritime climate of Long Island’s North and South Forks afford ideal conditions for growing an array of grapes that yield quality varietals and blends. Like Long Island itself, the wines are often underestimated, but with time and an expanding collection of awards and critical acclaim, the region is proving to be a contender in the wine industry and an increasingly popular travel destination.

The following Long Island wineries boast especially great views. With panoramic vineyard overlooks akin what you might imagine seeing in Napa Valley or Tuscany, these locations provide some of the best settings to enjoy the wine country.

Kontokosta

Kontokasta is unique in that it is one of the only North Fork wineries with a water view. Its blufftop location overlooking the Long Island Sound and its sublime breezes are what make the wine so good, and the visit even better.

As you enjoy the view you can sip your way through an award-winning bottle knowing that it was created thoughtfully and with love by the Kontokosta family.

The tasting room, meadow and bluff are are open to visitors on Saturday from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. and by appointment only Sunday through Friday.

Harmony

Unlike most Long Island wineries, you don’t need to drive all the way out East to enjoy a scenic day among the vines at Harmony. Only about 70 minutes from Manhattan in a town called Head of the Harbor and just a few minutes away from the Stony Brook village center, it bills itself as the “most convenient farm winery.”

Harmony’s tasting room resides within a 17th century house that overlooks the vineyard and Stony Brook Harbor. Visit for live music on the weekends and special events including trivia nights and “drink-in theatre” outdoor movies.

Macari Vineyards 

Utilizing sustainable biodynamic farming methods, Macari not only stands out for its exceptional wine but for its dedication to the land that yields it. A leader in natural viticulture on Long Island, the Macari family and their team cultivate an ideal grape growing environment through practices such as composting and using little to no pesticides on their vineyard. The difference is one you can taste.

Relaxing above the vines with a flight of tastings on the Macari tasting room deck in Mattituck is one of the best ways to spend a summer day on Long Island.

Palmer Vineyards 

On the way to some of the larger Long Island wineries, you will find a modest little house marked “Palmer Vineyards,” inviting you in for a taste. Palmer wines are distinctly Long Island. From the sustainable farming used to harvest the grapes, to the methods practiced in their state-of-the-art winemaking facility, the Palmer team works hard to preserve the unique qualities of the region’s terroir in every bottle.

The charming pub-style tasting room has standing tables and cozy booths, perfect for sharing a cheese plate and a flight of tastings. Out back, guests can lounge with wine glasses on Adirondack chairs overlooking some of the more than 90 acres of Merlot, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Gewürztraminer, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes growing on the property.

A short self-guided tour that leads into the tasting room explains Palmer’s winemaking process while giving guests a glimpse at the French oak barrels and stainless steel tanks where the wines are fermenting and aging.

Pelligrini Vineyards 

Pelligrini Vineyards is home to some of the most celebrated wines on Long Island. Their secret begins in the vineyard, where they take full advantage of the seaside breezes, soil conditions and optimal sunshine of their North Fork location, which happens to be very much like Bordeaux, France. The process continues using both modern fermentation methods and classic oak barrel aging in their cellar, all with as little manipulation as possible.

Founded by graphic designer Robert Pelligrini and his wife, aesthetics have always been at the forefront of Pelligrini Vineyards. It is no wonder that it is one of the most beautiful Long Island wineries, both inside and out. Take in the view of the vineyard from the rustically elegant tasting room or courtyard.

Raphael Vineyard & Winery 

Raphael’s commitment to quality and detail are evident from the moment you pull up to the estate. The pristine grounds and Tuscan villa-style tasting room make a grand first impression and the wines and hospitality leave a lasting one.

Family-owned and operated since 1996, Raphael combines decades of new world experience with old world traditions to make their wines. Their dedication to the details, such as being one of the few remaining Long Island wineries to harvest their grapes by hand, has allowed them to produce stand out vintages over the years, especially red varieties.

Guests are treated to expansive views of the grapevines from the upper and lower outdoor patios, or the tasting room where there is often live music to sing along to. If you’re looking to get away, even if only in your mind, Raphael will take you to Europe for the moment. Feel free you bring your own picnic.

What are your favorite Long Island wineries? Tell us in the comments.

Plan your next trip with AAA. 

On March 1, 1872, Congress established Yellowstone National Park, the first of what is now a total of 59 national parks spanning 28 states and two American territories. Collectively, they are considered the country’s greatest natural treasures.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt once said, “There is nothing so American as our national parks…The fundamental idea behind the parks…is that the country belongs to the people, that it is in process of making for the enrichment of the lives of all of us.”

In addition to being aesthetically beautiful, national parks showcase the past of both our country and the land on which it resides. Here’s a look at a few of the most interesting historic sites at national parks and the stories behind them.

The Old Courthouse

Gateway Arch National Park

The Gateway Arch, one of the most iconic historic sites at national parks, is a tribute to the diverse people who reshaped the country: Thomas Jefferson, who negotiated the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the United States; Lewis and Clark and their guide Sacagawea, who explored the new land and mapped a route to the Pacific; and the countless pioneers who forged Westward.

Yet the park in which the Arch resides is home to a lesser-known but equally significant historical site: The Old Courthouse, where one of the most important cases ever tried in the United States was heard.

In 1846, Dred Scott, a slave who had spent many years living in free territories, sued for his freedom. The first two trials were held in the Old Courthouse, the latter of which Scott won. This decision was appealed all the way to the Supreme Court, which denied Scott his freedom. Although Scott was defeated, the case is widely credited with hastening the start of the Civil War. Visitors can tour the courthouse where the case was heard, as well as the restored courtrooms.

Elkhorn Ranch

Theodore Roosevelt National Park

One of the country’s great outdoorsmen, President Theodore Roosevelt may have had more impact on the national park system than any other citizen. While in office from 1901 to 1909, he established five new national parks, doubling the number of federal parks across the country. It’s only fitting that one of today’s 59 parks bears his name.

In the late 1800s, a young Roosevelt headed to the Dakota Territory for a two-week hunting trip. The following year, his mother and wife passed away just hours apart. In search of solitude, the future president returned to Dakota and established the Elkhorn Ranch. In his writings, Roosevelt referred to this location as his “home ranch” and it is believed that it was here where he developed many of his beliefs on the importance of conservation.

Because Roosevelt wanted a secluded location, getting to the ranch can be difficult. It takes a several-mile drive on unpaved roads to reach the remote location. And though only the cabin’s foundation stones remain, visitors can appreciate the peace and solace Roosevelt found here.

Balcony House

Mesa Verde National Park

Lest we forget that people lived in North America long before European settlers arrived and the United States was formed, the Cliff Dwellings at Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado are a perfect reminder.

After living on the mesa top for 600 years, Ancestral Pueblos began building homes beneath the overhanging cliffs late in the 12^th century. The structures ranged in size from one-room storage units to villages of more than 150 rooms.

One of the most famous of these pueblos is known as the Balcony House, a 40-room structure considered a medium-size cliff dwelling. The tunnel, passageways and modern 32-foot entrance ladder are what make it the most adventurous dwelling tour in the park. Visitors can see the Balcony House by ranger-guided tours only.

Horseshoe Canyon

Canyonlands National Park

People have lived in the area that is now Canyonlands National Park for more than 10,000 years. There may be no better evidence of their presence than Horseshoe Canyon, which contains some of the most significant rock art in North America.

The canyon’s best-known panel is called The Great Gallery, a well-preserved site that includes both pictographs (paintings) and petroglyphs (carvings) of life-sized figures with intricate designs.

Artifacts recovered from this area date back to 9000-7000 BCE, a time when large mammals like mastodons and mammoths roamed the southwest. However, Horseshoe Canyon has the more recent history of serving as a refuge for outlaws like Butch Cassidy who were on the run from the law.

Lamar Buffalo Ranch

Yellowstone National Park

In 2016, when President Barack Obama officially named the American bison the country’s national mammal, John Calvelli of the Wildlife Conservation Society said, “Many consider this our nation’s first successful conservation story.”

That effort began many years ago at the Lamar Buffalo Ranch.

In the 1800s, bison were hunted nearly to extinction. Yellowstone Park was home to just 25 in 1901. In the first effort to preserve a wild species through management, Congress purchased 21 bison from private owners, and they were brought to the Lamar Buffalo Ranch to be fed and bred.

As the herd grew, bison were released to breed with free-roaming population or used to start herds on other public land. Today, the Yellowstone population numbers in the thousands, one of the largest in North America.

Have you been to any of these historic sites? Tell us in the comments!

Need a ride? Learn about exclusive Hertz discounts for AAA members.

Plan your next national park vacation with AAA Travel. 

If you’ve tuned into HGTV lately (or really any reality TV or do-it-yourself network), the chances are pretty good you landed on a show about what it’s like to buy a flipped house.

From programs like “Flip or Flop” or “Good Bones” or “Masters of Flip,” we just can’t seem to get enough house flipping entertainment. There’s even a show called “Zombie House Flipping.”

While the basic strategy of house flipping – purchasing a less-than ideal property, making improvements and then reselling at a profit – is nothing new, the popularity of flipping has surged over the past decade. The trend surged in 2021, when 323,465 U.S. single family homes and condos were flipped, according to California-based research firm ATTOM Data Solutions. That number represented a 26% from 2020, and the highest total since 2006.

With more and more flipped houses hitting the market, there’s a good chance your next home could fall into this category. If that’s the case, here’s what you can expect during the home-buying process.

What to Know When Buying a Flipped House

Whether you’re actively pursuing a flipped house or simply run across some flips during your house hunting process, knowing some of the generalities and pros and cons of buying a flipped house can help you make better investment and purchasing decisions. To really get inside the mind of a house flipper, we turned to financial coach Karen Ford, author of the best-selling Amazon book “Money Matters,” who has been flipping houses for nearly a decade.

First of all, don’t expect a flipped house to look as perfect as the ones on TV. Most flipped houses start out as so-called “distressed” properties (think foreclosures, tax seizures, etc.), and while professional flippers make substantial capital improvements, their focus is on improving the overall bones and aesthetics of the property and relisting it quickly, not addressing every tiny imperfection.

Avoid these common home buying mistakes.

“What we’re immediately looking for are any foundation issues, any water damage, the quality of the roof and the electrical and plumbing service,” says Ford. “A successful flip might only take four to six weeks. Time is money, and the longer it takes us to get that flip back in the market, the more our costs go up.”

Cost containment is key for house flippers trying to recoup their initial investment (and make a profit), so home buyers should not expect any extensive remodeling or extremely high-end finishes or appliances in a flipped home. There might be a new roof or the hardwood floors might be refinished, and damaged windows or doors replaced, but the more common improvements will be things like new carpet, fresh paint and updated hardware.

Price can also be a signal that a home on the market has just been flipped. Most professional flippers are trying to bring lower-quality properties up to the level of other houses (called “comps”) that are successfully selling in a neighborhood. That means the most expensive house on the block shouldn’t be a flipped house. Flippers tend to price homes just at or below market in order to sell quickly and get paid.

“We always evaluate a neighborhood and know what the comps are and know what we are going to resell for before we buy a deal” Ford says. “It’s a good safety net to lowball against comps, so if houses in a neighborhood are selling between 130 and 150 thousand dollars, we’d never take on a deal with the expectation that we’d sell for 160 thousand. We might list it for 150 thousand, but we’d always plan the remodel and renovation against a sell price closer to 130.”

Finally, for homeowners trying to figure out what to know when buying a flipped house, Ford says applying common sense and the due diligence you’d bring to any home purchase is key. While most house flippers look for “good bones” with easy improvements, don’t assume that your house is in great shape simply because a flipper just did their thing.

“We don’t get what we expect, we get what we INSPECT,” Ford says. “Don’t trust. Always check things out and inspect the inside and the outside of your home purchase carefully. Evaluate the neighborhood and the comp properties and have a plan, and you’ll always be more likely to make a more educated investment into your new home.”

And who knows, you just might end up flipping it again yourself.

Flipped house or new construction, the first step to home ownership is securing a mortgage, and AAA is here to help. To learn more about our home loan services or to speak to a mortgage specialist now, visit AAA.com. 

Whether it’s a dreary, morning commute or a wind-in-your-hair sunset cruise, a car ride just isn’t the same in silence. It’s this universal appetite for good listening where car radio history begins.

Vehicle audio has been around in one form or another for nearly as long as there have been automobiles on the road. Initially, car owners would take portable battery radios on their journey. It wouldn’t take long for a superior option to arrive on the scene thanks to a now-famous company that was just trying to stay afloat during its nascent stage.

1930: The First Car Radio

In 1928, brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin founded the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation. The company produced battery eliminators, devices that enabled battery-powered radios to operate on household electric current. As more radios began running through home electrical systems, however, battery eliminators became obsolete.

Coupled with the financial effects of the Great Depression, the Galvins needed a new product to stay in business.

The brothers recruited a group of engineers to build a radio that could be installed in automobiles. Putting various parts inside the car and others underneath the floor, the crew successfully manufactured a sturdy radio that received a clear signal and could withstand rough roads.

Paul Galvin unveiled the device in grand fashion, driving from Chicago to Atlantic City to demonstrate the radio at the 1930 Radio Manufacturers Association Convention. Unregistered for the event and without a booth, Galvin parked the car outside and turned up the radio’s volume. The stunt drew hordes of spectators and by the time he left Atlantic City, Galvin had secured enough sales to keep his company in business.

But what would they call this new technology? Wanting a unique name for its product, the Galvin Corporation combined “motor” from motorcar with “ola” from Victrola (a popular line of phonographs) to create Motorola. The moniker quickly became so well-known, the company changed its name to Motorola, Inc.

1953: The Groundbreaking Becker Mexico

Technological advancements over the following two decades spurred improvements to the size and functionality of car radios. In 1953, the Becker company reached a major milestone in car-radio history when it unveiled its now-legendary Mexico model. Arguably the first high-end car radio, the Becker Mexico featured FM stereo and was the first in-car radio with a fully automatic station scan.

1955: Chrysler’s In-Car Record Player

Through the mid-1950s, drivers were at the mercy of radio stations when it came to musical choices. That began to change when Chrysler unveiled a car record player known as the Highway Hi-Fi. It was developed by Peter Goldmark, head of CBS Laboratories, who had previously invented the 33 1/3 Long-Playing (LP) record. The system was mounted underneath the dashboard and would project forward with the push of a button.

Because 12-inch, 33⅓-rpm records were too big, and smaller, 45-rpm records played just one song, Goldmark needed a new format. He developed a record with groove spacing one-third the width of an LP. Combined with a slower turntable, this allowed these new records to be just 7-inches wide, yet play the same amount of music as a 12-inch LP.

Goldmark tested the system in his own Chrysler with great results. His bosses were less than enthused with the ingenuity, however, believing in-car record players would steer listeners away from CBS-owned radio stations.

Undeterred, Goldmark went straight to the car manufacturer. He successfully sold the idea to Chrysler, which offered the Highway Hi-Fi as an add-on to several of its 1956 models. While noble in its intention, the record player ultimately proved more problematic than its worth.

It came with six propriety records, none of which were major hits. They included the soundtrack to “The Pajama Game” musical, Tchaikovsky’s “Symphony in B Minor” and songs from Walt Disney’s “Davy Crockett.” If customers wanted more options, they had to purchase new records. Even then, they could only choose from a small subset of Columbia Records’ catalog. (Columbia was the only company producing the 7-inch records.)

The biggest issue with the Highway Hi-Fi, however, was its functionality. Goldmark had gone to great lengths to ensure records wouldn’t skip as the car drove, performing numerous tests on premium Chrysler models. But the carmaker also offered the record player on lower-end Dodges and Plymouths, which had inferior suspension systems. This caused the records to skip and the warranty claims to mount. Combined with the device’s high price (more than $2,000 today), these drawbacks ultimately doomed the Highway Hi-Fi. It was discontinued just a few years later.

1960s-70s: Eight Tracks and Cassettes

The in-car record player was down but not out. In 1960, Chrysler replaced the Highway Hi-Fi with the RCA Victrola turntable. The device held a total of 14 singles that would play one after another. The UK’s Auto Mignon was a more compact record player, though it only held one 45-rpm record at a time.

Before the in-car record player could be perfected, Ford and Motorola jointly introduced the eight-track tape player in 1965. It remained the go-to choice for car audio throughout much of the 1970s.

Cassette tapes, which were initially developed in 1963, began supplanting eight-track players in the late 1970s as tape quality improved. They would remain extremely popular, both in and out of cars, through the 1980s.

1984: Compact Discs

Compact disc players made their way into cars in the 1980s. The first was the Pioneer CDX-1, introduced in 1984. Lincoln offered the earliest factory-installed player in its 1987 Town Car model.

This new technology offered a far-better listening experience than any previous option. CDs had vastly superior sound quality and were more durable than cassettes. Plus, listeners could instantly skip tracks with the push of a button instead of rewinding or fast-forwarding. Car CD players became ubiquitous by the 1990s.

2000s: The Brave New World of Car Radios

Many new chapters have already been written in car-radio history this century. Through the use of USB, auxiliary cords and Bluetooth, drivers started connecting their mobile devices to car radios beginning in the early 2000s. Nowadays, most cars allow drivers to sync their phones to the car radio via Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. These apps give users hands-free access to their music, as well as streaming services like Pandora and Spotify.

The 2000s also introduced the world to satellite radio. As opposed to terrestrial radio, which has a limited signal range, satellite radio can broadcast over an entire continent with crystal-clear clarity. This feature has made it a popular option for car listening.

What’s your favorite car radio memory? Where will car audio tech go next? Let us know in the comments below!

If car radio history has whet your appetite, head to our auto history section for more stories on automotive evolution. 

If you want to get better at drawing, painting or dancing, you can probably sign up for a group class at your local community center. But did you know that some of those classes can even be considered types of art therapy and may be led by a certified art therapist?

So, what is art therapy, exactly? And what’s the difference between an art therapy session and a night out at your local paint-and-sip studio?

Melanie Wallace, an associate marriage and family therapist and art therapist in Beverly Hills, explains some of the benefits of art therapy and what you can expect at your first session.

What Is Art Therapy?

It’s all in the name: Art therapy is a blend of art-making and psychological therapy.

But an art therapy session isn’t quite like doodling at home. With art therapy, a licensed professional can help tap into your creative expression to process a recent loss, difficult transition or even deal with depression or anxiety symptoms. Wallace says that for some people, art therapy is an excellent alternative to talking through difficult experiences or feelings.

In art therapy, the creative process is as important as the creation itself. In other words, you don’t need any artistic skills. Just enjoy the process!

Types of Art Therapy

Most art therapy refers to sessions involving visual art – painting, drawing, and sculpting, for example.

If you prefer to express yourself in other ways, you might enjoy a different type of creative arts-based therapy, such as music therapy, dance or movement therapy, or poetry and expressive writing therapy.

Benefits of Art Therapy

Do you struggle to put words to what you’re thinking or feeling? Art therapy can help.

“Art gives us insight into the subconscious,” says Wallace. Expressing yourself through drawing, sketching or painting provides a path to work through stress, anger or sadness.

Research shows that art therapy can also help soothe depression, anxiety and even dementia. That’s probably because it offers a chance to socialize, tap into your creative skills and work through your thoughts and feelings along the way.

Art therapy offers important benefits to seniors experiencing memory loss or struggling with low self-esteem, Wallace says. It can also help with self-awareness and self-esteem, as well as emotional resilience, conflict resolution and social skills.

Who Is Art Therapy Good For?

Anyone can participate in an art therapy class or individual session, says Wallace. Art therapy can be particularly beneficial for:

• People who have tried talk therapy and crave something more creative.
• Folks who are artistically inclined.
• Anyone experiencing high stress levels.
• Seniors struggling with communication due to physical or cognitive decline.

Regardless of your age or reason for trying art therapy, seek out a licensed professional. Trained art therapists have completed graduate school coursework in the implementation of art therapy, says Wallace.

What Happens in an Art Therapy Session?

First, remember an art therapy session is not the same as an art class, though both can help lift your mood.  An art therapy session can include a variety of art techniques beyond drawing or sketching, such as collage-making, finger painting, sculpting, doodling or even creating shapes out of a crumpled pieces of paper.

A typical art therapy session proceeds in three stages:

1. Directive – The therapist offers you an art prompt such as, “what does sadness look like?” or “sketch the first thing you thought of when you woke up this morning.”
2. Creation – You take time to create your art. According to Wallace, it’s no problem if you don’t enjoy drawing. Some participants make collages with magazine cutouts or glue 3D sculptures with crumpled paper. “The sky’s the limit!” she says.
3. Discussion – Once your art is complete, the therapist will ask questions to help you open up about your art and what’s on your mind.

What to Expect in Group Art Therapy

Do you prefer the camaraderie of painting or drawing with a friend? Then a group art therapy session might be the perfect way to boost your mood, sharpen your mental processing and learn new creative skills.

People often work in pairs or trios during a group art therapy session. A group art piece might begin with everyone getting a piece of paper and drawing a quick scribble. Then, everyone passes the paper to the left and adds to the new drawing in front of them. The process continues until the therapist signals that it’s time to stop and discuss.

In another situation, Wallace says she might suggest that participants “draw a community.” After the group decides what community means to them (what should be included in the picture), everyone works together to sketch, draw or color on a large butcher paper.

Most art therapists provide the supplies for classes or individual sessions. But if you’d like to enjoy the benefits of artistic expression at home, Wallace recommends stocking up Copic sketch markers, Sakura Expressionist oil pastel set, Crayola colored pencils and Sketchbooks with perforated pages.

What’s your favorite creative expression? Share the artistic methods you use to unwind or keep your mind sharp in the comments below. 

We know because we’ve been: “Out There” is a series of inspiring travel spotlights from AAA Travel advisors and employees.

Simply everything is unforgettable in Switzerland. The melange of French, German, Italian and Austrian cultures, the legendary Gruyere cheese and raclette, mountains taller than the clouds and charming villages make this European nation – much like its revered cheese fondue – a melting pot of character.

AAA travel advisor Rachel Jordan visited this legendary destination and shared her story with us.

Spectacular Switzerland

Do you ever have those surreal moments in life where time seems to freeze, and you just soak up every ounce of your surroundings? After a nearly two-year hiatus on all travel, I found myself in one of those moments, sipping a delicious local Riesling, bobbing my head to “I Gotta Feeling” by The Black Eyed Peas, and watching an elaborate air performance of paragliders welcoming people back to Switzerland.  

Back in October of 2021, I hopped over the pond to attend Switzerland Travel Mart, an extravagant gathering and celebration of the travel industry showcasing everything that Switzerland has to offer from high-speed adrenaline-pumping activities in Interlaken to watch making and fondue eating in Gruyere.

And while I could easily write a book on my trip, I’m going to cut it down a bit and highlight my top five experiences from both the conference and my post-convention trip to Zermatt. 

Jungfraujoch (Top of Europe)

Seeing the Swiss Alps on a sunny day makes you feel like a kid on Christmas. The snow is sparkling, everyone is smiling and taking photos and it’s one of the most breathtaking views in the world. While sipping hot chocolate at the top of Europe (literally) was an amazing experience, it was what followed that made the day truly spectacular. Not only did my travel group get to explore glacial tunnels and try our hand at curling, but I ended up in the VIP gondola on the ride back down the mountain, where we celebrated the gorgeous views with a bottle of champagne.

Five Lakes Hike – Zermatt  

Definitely a trek, but worth every step. I love hiking, especially when there is a great view involved, and with panoramic views of the Swiss Alps and the Matterhorn at every turn, you can’t get much better than the Five Lakes Hike. At a mere 45 degrees, the hike was extremely comfortable as we trekked up the terrain for a few views of the Matterhorn’s reflection on glacial lakes.

The hike down offered stunning views of Swiss fall foliage, but the highlight for me was our lunch stop at Chez Vrony, a quaint, yet shockingly full, mountainside restaurant with by far the best view around. The food was traditional and delicious and the rest was much needed for our continued hike back to town.  

The Hotels

Switzerland knows how to do luxury. In both Interlaken and Zermatt the accommodations were comfortable and beautiful with amazing views. In Interlaken, I stayed at the Victoria-Jungfrau Grand Hotel & Spa on the more historic side of the hotel and my room was better than I ever could’ve imagined. Just a short walk from the train station, it’s positioned right on the main road across from where all the paragliders land and offers mouth-watering breakfasts each day. I honestly wished I would never leave.

In Zermatt, I stayed in the Schweizerhof Hotel which has a more modern flair than the Victoria-Jungfrau. After a tasteful renovation, the hotel has a semi-traditional, yet very stylish interior and the exterior features balconies with a classic Swiss facade of dark wood paneling and a plethora of colorful flower boxes. I lucked out yet again and had a corner balcony facing the Matterhorn that offered beautiful sunset scenery. The meals here were also spectacular (my favorite being the Matterhorn-shaped mousse we had for dessert), but the best part was the spa on site. Soaking in a hot tub and visiting a sauna after the Five Lakes Hike was pure bliss.  

The Gornergrat 

I have dreamed of seeing the Matterhorn most of my life and catching the first glimpse of the mountain on the Gornergrat cogway railway is something I’ll never forget. The train is charming and relaxing as it makes its way past several smaller stops on the way to the top, offering stunning views at every turn of a corner. However, the views from the top at the Gornergrat station can’t be beat. It’s the perfect place to have a picnic lunch and enjoy your surroundings. 

Dinner(s) and a show 

There’s a reason that Switzerland Travel Mart only happens once every two years – they pull out all the tricks to win over their visitors (it worked). On the final night of the convention, Switzerland Tourism threw a grand event at the Victoria Jungfrau that I’m sure would rival any royal ball, featuring perfectly crafted hors d’oeuvres, lines of canapés, decorative desserts and a performance by a Swiss pop star to finish off the night!

A trip to Switzerland is a must-do at least once in your life, and I am so thankful to work in an industry that allows me to experience other cultures and parts of the world in order to share these moments.

Start planning your next trip with AAA Travel.

With the sun in your face and the wind in your hair, even a trip around town is more fun in a convertible, but there’s nothing quite like taking one out for a road trip. Here are the best road trips for convertibles sure to keep you smiling all summer long.

U.S. 1, Florida Keys

Head for the Florida Keys to get the most out of your convertible while the summer sun shines. Once you leave the mainland there’s a 120-mile stretch of road that takes you through a chain of little islands dotting the ocean.

Open water surrounds you as you drive from island to island and soak in the Florida sun. The route also includes 7 Mile Bridge, which is one of the longest bridges in the world.

Pacific Coast Highway, California

The Pacific Coast Highway is the quintessential West Coast road trip and it’s perfect for convertibles. It offers a spectacular view of the Pacific Ocean with plenty of opportunities to stop and explore the cities and towns along the California coast.

The 332-mile section from San Francisco to Santa Barbara has something for everyone. Enjoy unique shops, restaurants of every kind, beaches and incredible views of the bluffs that will have you pulling over to snap the perfect seascape picture.

U.S. Route 9, New York

U.S. Route 9 will take you all the way from Delaware up to the Canadian border. It’s a beautiful 300-mile trek, but the stretch that runs through New York is particularly picturesque.

You’ll find farmers markets throughout the countryside along with grand estates from the Gilded Age. Sure, you could take the interstate and get to where you’re going faster, but then you’d miss out on the scenery, quaint towns and restaurants perfect for grabbing a bite when you need a break.

Route 66, Illinois

No list of road trips in the U.S. would be complete without the famous Route 66. Much of the original route is long gone, but you can still experience this famous road uninterrupted for roughly 300 miles from Chicago to St. Louis.

Think classic American road trip for this one. Stop at a diner for burgers and fries and take in quirky roadside attractions you won’t find anywhere else. The interstates might be the quickest way to get across the country, but roads like this remind you why it’s sometimes better to take the long way.

The Kancamagus Highway, New Hampshire

It might be difficult to pronounce – just call it “the Kanc” like the locals – but this twisty road that runs between Conway and Lincoln, N.H., is the perfect place to enjoy the drive in a convertible. It winds its way through the White Mountain National Forest with plenty of overlooks where you can stop and soak in the view.

There are lots of places to get out and stretch your legs on trails for hikers of every skill level. Stop for a picnic lunch along the Swift River and relax to the sound of the rushing water as you take in the mountain landscape.

Blue Ridge Parkway, Virginia

The Blue Ridge Parkway covers nearly 500 miles from Virginia to North Carolina and it’s a stunning journey. The winding road takes you through the woods and along burbling streams complete with waterfalls.

During the spring, wildflowers add pops of color to this scenic drive. The view is equally spectacular in the fall when the leaves change. On a mild fall day, a ride through the Blue Ridge Parkway with the top down lets you enjoy the weather before winter arrives.

Hana Highway, Hawaii

If ever there was a place perfect for a convertible, it’s Hawaii. Make the most of your vacation and rent a convertible for a drive along the Hana Highway in Maui. At 38 miles it’s not a long route, but you can easily spend a day stopping and exploring along the way.

This trip is a true joy for those who love to drive along steep terrain and one-lane bridges. The view is breathtaking with roadside waterfalls and greenery at every turn.

Park Loop Road, Maine

Acadia National Park in Maine is home to the 27-mile Park Loop Road. This drive takes you along the rocky Maine coast up to the top of Cadillac Mountain. It’s a scenic drive that can get busy in the summer months, but that just gives you more time to slow down and enjoy the drive.

This a true nature-lover’s drive. Lush forests make a stark contrast to the brilliant blue Atlantic Ocean and rocky shoreline. Drop the top and take it all in.

Hells Canyon, Oregon

This somewhat unknown route shows off the deepest river gorge in the country, Hells Canyon, with a 208-mile drive that winds through northeast Oregon. Enjoy your journey through the Wallowa Mountains, which has more than 19 peaks that rise over 9,000 feet.

This is a twisting route that’s made for enjoying with the top down as you traverse narrow and twisting roads perfect for a sporty ride.

The Tunnel of Trees, Michigan

Head north to Michigan Route 119 and you’ll discover The Tunnel of Trees. Start out in Traverse City, drive through the towns of Petoskey and Cherelvoix to this narrow road path through the trees.

It’s a 27-mile stretch designed to be taken slowly. While trees line one side of the road, the opposite side gives glimpses of Lake Michigan. It’s a beautiful drive on a summer day or on a mild fall day when you can take in the foliage and enjoy sweater weather.

Need a ride? Learn about exclusive Hertz discounts for AAA members.

Nearly 30% of Americans describe themselves as at least somewhat superstitious, according to a YouGov America study. And roughly 19 million Americans have one or more phobias. reports Johns Hopkins Medical Center.

As such a common yet dangerous activity, maybe it’s not surprising that a host of superstitions and phobias revolve around driving. And although these practices and conditions have vastly different affects on people, they are both ways we hope to garner good luck and safe passage while on and off the road.

Here are some of the most common car superstitions and phobias.

Car Superstitions

Car Coining

This term refers to the practice of throwing a few spare coins onto the floor of a new car. Those who partake in the practice believe it will give them good luck. This tradition may have practical, and not superstitious, origins. Before the days of E-ZPass, tolls had to be paid in cash. It wasn’t uncommon for drivers to keep loose change on the dashboard or in cupholders, where it could easily fall to the floor.

Holding Your Breath

One of the most common car superstitions is holding your breath as you drive through a tunnel or past a graveyard. The reasoning behind the practice usually varies. One belief is that if you hold your breath through the entirety of the tunnel and make a wish, it will come true. Others claim there’s a more practical motive. The change in air pressure in the tunnel hurts their ears and holding their breath helps alleviate the pain. As for the cemetery, most claim it prevents disturbing the dead and/or breathing in a spirit.

How the ‘holding your breath’ superstition came to be is difficult to pin down. One interesting theory is mentioned in a 1903 book, “Tube, Train, Tram, and Car.” It claims that back in the day, there was a belief that tunnel air could cure whooping cough. Parents would bring their children to the tunnel, then hold their breath to avoid contracting the disease themselves.

Tapping the Roof While Passing Yellow Lights

Many people tap their sun visor or the roof of their car as they drive through a yellow light. It’s believed to provide the driver with a bit of good luck – either in the future or to just get through the intersection safely.

Lifting Your Feet

Another common car superstition involves lifting your feet off the floor when driving over railroad tracks. Depending on who you ask, keeping your feet on the ground could cause you to lose your sweetheart, never get married, die young or bring about a spell of bad luck. Just like with holding your breath, do not attempt this if you are driving. Taking your foot off the gas/brake is extremely dangerous and could easily cause a crash.

Scratching a New Car

Some drivers will make small scratches on their brand-new car under the misguided belief that new cars are more likely to be involved in crashes. Once scratched, the vehicle has gotten its first bit of damage out of the way and it’s minor. Now the car is “used” and safer to drive.

Car Phobias

With more than 5.2 million crashes and nearly 40,000 fatalities occurring on U.S. roadways in 2020, there’s reason to be at least somewhat fearful of driving or riding in an automobile. And there’s certainly enough to form a phobia, especially if you’ve experienced car-related trauma before.

But those suffering from car-related phobias experience more than common nervousness when they’re in a vehicle. Phobias cause an extreme fear response even when there is no imminent danger. Just the thought of the fear alone can trigger severe anxiety. Phobias can be so intense that individuals may avoid the object or situation causing them distress entirely.

Here are some of the most common car phobias:

Motorphobia: The fear of cars.

Amaxophobia: The fear of riding in a vehicle, either as a driver or passenger.

Vehophobia: The fear of driving a car.

Gephyrophobia: The fear of driving over bridges.

Dystychiphobia: The fear of accidents.

Hodophobia: The fear of traveling.

Autoplenophobia: The fear of car washes.

Claustrophobia: The fear of confined places.

Do you have any car superstitions? Tell us about them in the comments below.

It’s tee time! See if you can make par on this crossword all about golf.

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Here are some tips to help you get the most out of your puzzle playing experience. Good luck!

Since our members are the root of everything we do, your feedback is important to us. Let us know if you run into any issues while playing, or share your ideas for future puzzles by emailing us.

Want to take a vacation without breaking the bank? You don’t have to forgo style and comfort just because you’re traveling on a budget. Here’s how you can create a fulfilling experience without the price tag.

Bring Your Own Luxury

Many of the comforts at pricey hotels are things you can bring from home – for a lot cheaper.

A silk pillowcase (or even your own pillow) can make all the difference in a good night’s sleep. A plush bathrobe can also add the feeling of luxury. Bring along a basket of upscale toiletries to turn the bathroom into your personal spa.

Freshen up your hotel room with scent sprays or melts. Try to steer clear of scented candles, for fire safety reasons. You could even bring along an air purifier if it fits in your luggage.

Accentuate the Positive

If you want to upgrade your experience even more, be polite to the hotel staff. They might be able to help make your stay even better.

If your room has undesirable qualities, like a view of the parking lot or noisy neighbors, you can ask for a change. A room on the top floor will most likely be quieter and less likely to be overshadowed by nearby buildings. While employees will not always be able to accommodate you, they’re more likely to try their best if you ask nicely. If it’s possible, try requesting a room with your preferred view when you make the reservation.

You can also ask the employees for their opinions on what local attractions or restaurants you should visit.

Utilize the Amenities

If there’s a pool in your hotel, remember to bring a bathing suit. Using the amenities that are offered in the hotel will make it feel like a special experience, no matter why you’re staying there. Most hotels, even budget hotels, will include a pool and even a small gym. You’re paying for them, so use them! Don’t forgo the continental breakfast, either. It might not be room service, but who doesn’t enjoy a free breakfast?

Choose the Right Hotel

Not all budget hotels are created equal. Finding a quality budget hotel can make a big difference in your hotel stay, and you don’t need to spend more money to do so. AAA members can enjoy 10% or more off a stay at Wyndham Hotels and Resorts – and that includes a series of safe, clean and affordable hotels.

Microtel offers simple, modern rooms aimed at vacationers and business travelers alike.

Hotels like Howard Johnson and Days Inn are focused on convenience, comfortable amenities and friendly service in a family-style environment.

Super 8 is a great choice for road trippers who need some rest and relaxation for heading back out on the road.

Travelodge is tailored to travelers who are looking for somewhere to crash between their many adventures, from exploring national parks to hitting the beach.

How do you make the most of your budget hotel stays? Share you tips in the comments below. 

Getting outside to enjoy some fresh air and nice weather while firing up the grill is an iconic summer pastime. And while there’s nothing wrong with throwing some burgers over the coals, you can easily turn a standard cookout into a day to remember by having fun with different barbecue theme ideas.

You can find inspiration from other countries and eating styles and let it influence your barbecue’s food and drinks. Then, go all-out with decorations, music and games that complement the theme.

Mexican Barbecue 

Try barbecue versions of tasty Mexican dishes and serve them up with refreshing drinks like aguas frescas, horchata or margaritas.

Traditionally, Mexican barbacoa is made with beef, goat or sheep. It’s generously seasoned before being slowly cooked with steam, making for meat that’s equally tender and flavorful. Cook your barbacoa on the grill and use it to make tacos, burritos or simply enjoy it as is.

Tostada means “toasted” in Spanish, and it’s like a little pizza on a tortilla. Make your tostadas with browned ground beef or grill up some chicken. You can also use the grill to toast your tortillas and cook vegetables to add a hint of smoky flavor.

Quesadillas are super easy and customizable. Precook your meat of choice or make a vegetarian quesadilla with refried beans, cheese and veggies like onion, peppers and tomatoes. Add other ingredients like rice and beans, then simply lay out your ingredients between two tortillas and toast each side on the grill until everything is warm and the cheese is melted.

When it comes to topping and garnishes, have guacamole, salsa and sour cream on hand, along with fresh-chopped cilantro.

Korean Barbecue

Korea has its own version of barbecue that you can make at home. Try bulgogi, a marinated grilled beef, or barbecue beef short ribs, aka kalbi. Both are prepared with a similar marinade made of flavorful ingredients like garlic, ginger and green onion.

Grill your meat to your liking, tuck it into a lettuce or radish wrap and enjoy with dipping sauces made with chili paste, sesame oil and soy sauce. Serve with rice and sides like fish cakes, kimchi and pickled vegetables.

Accompany your meal with a Korean spirit like soju. There’s also sikhye, a sweet rice beverage that’s typically enjoyed for dessert.

Surf and Turf 

Pair seafood with your favorite cut of red meat for a coastal, surf and turf-themed barbecue. Grill your meat as you usually would along with a few shrimp or scallops (use skewers to make flipping easier), or steam fresh clams in your grill.

Try a spin on the classic with a surf and turf burger. And if you’re more into the surf than the turf, make pasta for a seafood linguine.

When serving seafood, make sure you have plenty of butter and lemon juice on hand. Enjoy your surf and turf with tropical beverages like a mai tai, piña colada or tequila sunrise.

AAA members can save with discounts on Stock Yards and Omaha Steaks.

Grilled Pizza Party 

This is a fun and easy barbecue theme idea. You may not realize that you can grill pizza, but it’s as easy as buying or making dough, deciding on a sauce (red or white) and choosing your toppings. It cooks up quickly and is always a crowd-pleaser.

Heat your grill so that you have medium-high heat on one side and medium heat on the other. Then, stretch out the dough and place it directly on the grates on the hotter side (or on a pre-heated pizza stone). Once you see crosshatching on the bottom of the dough, flip and move it to the cooler side of the grill and add your toppings. Close the grill for a minute or so to let the cheese melt.

Smaller pies and flatbreads are even easier to make on the grill – and everyone can get their own pie with personalized toppings. Pair you pizza with drinks like a bellini, spritz veneziano or wine.

Vegetarian Barbecue

Though meat might be the first thing that comes to mind when one thinks of a barbecue, there are a plethora of vegetables that take well to grilling.

One popular and easy way to grill veggies is by using skewers. Chop up essentially any of your favorite veggies, slide them onto a skewer and get grilling. Vegetables like onion, zucchini and peppers are all great options. If you don’t feel like breaking out the skewers, simply throw whole veggies like asparagus, mushrooms and corn on the cob right onto the grill.

Consider making make a pesto, balsamic glaze or other dressing to season your veggies before and/or after grilling them.

Another perfectly grill-able vegetarian option are plant-based meat alternatives, like veggie burgers, imitation beef patties and faux chicken.

Dessert Barbecue

If you don’t own a fire pit or have the means of making a bonfire, you can easily make s’mores with a grill. If you’re looking for a healthier sweet, try grilling some fresh fruit.

You can grill essentially any fruit, but some popular ones are seasonal, like peaches, pineapple, plums and strawberries. Grilling fruit causes the natural sugars to caramelize, making them warm, sweet and jam-like.

Cut your preferred fruits into pieces and make kebabs or simply grill halved fruits. Enjoy them plain or season your fruit with a bit of cinnamon, honey/sugar and/or lemon juice. And, when they’re ready to serve, no one will argue with a spoonful of vanilla ice cream or dollop of whipped cream on top.

Grilling Safety

Most Americans own some kind of grill or smoker. Whether you have a charcoal, gas or propane grill, you should always keep safety in mind.

“In 2014-2018, fire departments went to an annual average of 8,900 home fires involving grills, hibachis or barbecues per year, including 3,900 structure fires and 4,900 outside or unclassified fires,” according to the National Fire Protection Association. Those same years, an average of 19,700 people had to be hospitalized because of injuries involving grills.”

To enjoy your next barbecue to the fullest, check your grill for gas leaks before use, keep your grill at least 10 feet away from your home and have a fire extinguisher nearby.

Which of these barbecue theme ideas would you like to try? Tell us in the comments below. 

We know because we’ve been: “Out There” is a series of inspiring travel spotlights from AAA Travel advisors and employees.

The Antarctic is a bucket list trip for so many and it is no secret why. The last continent to be discovered is full of breathtaking, undisturbed landscapes that have been witnessed by few. Seeing glaciers and penguins up close on this remote, ice-encased island is a truly unique and special experience.

Andrea Bernier, director of financial systems in finance and accounting here at AAA Northeast, shared her experience exploring the seventh continent on a Hurtigruten expedition ship with us.

For Andrea, vacationing in Antarctica was a dream for over 10 years. Then, in late 2019, it was finally time to start turning that dream into reality. She started researching cruise itineraries and found the one! The trip of a lifetime. On Dec. 4, 2021, a total solar eclipse occurred in the waters off Antarctica, and the cruise planned on being there to see it. She was ready to book the trip and it was the perfect time with the AAA Travel Marketplace quickly approaching. This is when she met Melanie, her AAA travel advisor.

Shortly after, the COVID-19 pandemic began, causing changes to her 2020 travel plans. The Hurtigruten trip to Antarctica and the Falkland Islands trip was scheduled for more than a year away, so she was still hopeful that it would be occurring as planned and she would be able to see the solar eclipse.

The pandemic did not soften her anticipation and excitement for this trip. During this time, Andrea kept a close eye on Chile’s travel policy since that was the port of entry for her trip. Thankfully, Chile’s borders opened for travelers like her in time for her trip.

Of course, planning such an elaborate journey during the pandemic left a lot of uncertainties. For Andrea, this meant having her AAA travel advisor as a resource was extremely important.

“There was very little time to review the ever-changing requirements for the flights and cruise,” said Andrea. “Having Melanie by my side during that time was invaluable. She helped me quickly navigate the paperwork and ensured all our questions were addressed by the cruise line.”

Other passengers she spoke to weren’t so fortunate. They found the pre-departure process to be very frustrating and did not receive answers to their questions. Some even missed out on the cruise because they didn’t get everything submitted in time.

Once in Chile, Andrea was required to quarantine at her pre-night hotel before getting on another flight the next day to embark on the cruise. Then, it was on to Antarctica at last!

The first two days of her cruise were filled with lectures on wildlife and the history of Antarctica. She got to witness the stunning solar eclipse as the cruise made its way across the Drake Passage.

In regard to her experience aboard the cruise ship, Andrea told us that “Life on board the ship was quiet and calm. At times, it felt as if we had the whole ship to ourselves with the passenger capacity at less than half of what it normally was.”

At last, Andrea arrived at the Antarctica peninsula, and it was a majestic sight! “We were surrounded by towering white mountains, flowing glaciers, penguins swimming in the water and seals sunning on icebergs,” Andrea said. “It was truly a scene that needs to be experienced.”

New, secluded locations were selected for landings and the wildlife viewing was spectacular. “In our time there, we encountered four different types of penguins, their penguin chicks, countless bird species, seals, panda dolphins and sei whales,” Andrea explained.

After a stop at the Falklands Islands the cruise started its journey back to Chile, and before she knew it, Andrea was back home. “It was an incredible three weeks and the trip of a lifetime at the bottom of the world. I am very grateful for the opportunity to have traveled to such an amazing place and I am looking forward to future travel adventures.”

Start planning your next trip with AAA Travel.

When looking into different types of bikes, the number and variation of makes, models, subcategories and crossovers can be a little overwhelming.

To find the right bike for you, the first step is to assess the kind of riding you’ll be doing. Consider how and where you plan to use your bike. Will you be traversing dirt or woodland trails, biking around community streets or using it to commute? Once you know your wants and need, you can narrow the scope of your bike search.

Different Types of Bikes

Road Bikes

As the name implies, road bikes are best suited for pavement. They tend to be fairly light compared to other bikes and feature smooth, thin tires and “drop” handlebars that bend down. Subcategories of road bikes include cyclocross and touring bikes, which are good for racing and long-distance riding. 

Mountain Bikes

Mountain bikes have wider, treaded tires and suspension that absorbs shock, making them perfect for off-road biking on rugged trails and gravel paths. These bikes are for adventurous riders looking to take on unpaved trails.

Hybrid Bikes

Somewhat of a middle-ground between road and mountain bikes, hybrids are suited for both pavement and moderate dirt/gravel roads. The stability and comfort of these general-purpose bikes make them popular among a variety of riders.

Fixed-Gear/Fixed-Wheel Bikes

Also called a “fixie,” this bike is the standard for track racing, though it’s becoming popular among urban cyclists as well. Fixed-gear bikes are not for novice riders, since they require constant pedaling and typically have only front brakes – or no brakes at all.

Cruisers

Similar to hybrid bikes, cruisers offer a comfortable, casual riding experience. These single-speed bikes aren’t very fast, but their “balloon” tires, upright seating position and durability make them easy to ride.

Other/Specialty Bikes

Although there are many more types of bikes, some modern favorites are folding bikes, electric bikes and adult tricycles.

Folding bikes are popular for their compact-ability, making them easy to transport and store. Electric bicycles, or e-bikes, have small motors to assist with pedaling and propulsion. Adult tricycles are a great option for older bike-enthusiasts and people with disabilities, since they are easy to ride and are difficult to tip over. They can also support heavy loads, making them capable of carrying groceries and other tasks.

Benefits of Bicycling

There are many benefits to bike riding. First, bikes are one of the most eco-friendly modes of transportation. Once they’re on the road, bikes produce zero emissions and require relatively low maintenance.

“Increasing pedestrian and bicycling trips, with a corresponding decrease in automobile trip lengths, by as little as 1 to 3 miles on average, can have a significant effect on both emissions and fuel consumption,” according to the Adventure Cycling Association.

When it comes to individual health benefits, biking is a good aerobic and muscle-building workout while also being low-impact on joints.

Find the Right Bike for You 

Even after you know which type of bike you want, there are still some variations when it comes to finding the perfect fit.

Many bikes come in different frame sizes – like small, medium, large, etc. – based on a rider’s height, weight or both. Seat height and angles can also be adjusted.

You should feel comfortable riding your bike. Although, if this is your first time on a bike, or the first time in a while, some soreness can be expected. When starting up any type of strenuous activity or workout, take it easy on your body, start slow and know that flexing lesser-used muscles gets easier with repetition. If soreness persists or worsens, you may need to make some adjustments to your seat, replace it altogether or invest in some athletic attire suited for cycling.

Safety First

Whether you’re looking for a bike to exercise or simply get out of the house, it’s important to keep safety in mind while bike riding. Always wear a helmet, follow the rules of the road and stay hydrated to make the most of your excursion.

AAA members can rest assured knowing AAA Northeast offers 24-hour roadside assistance for your bike, too! The free service is available to all members. Learn more.

Which type of bike sounds like your perfect fit? Tell us in the comments below! 

Calling Bath a best-kept secret may be a bit misleading.

The city is one of the 10 most visited places in Britain each year, a World Heritage Site dubbed one of the “great spa towns of Europe.” But for those of us here on the other side of the pond, destinations such as London or Dublin or Glasgow steal the tourist thunder. For many Americans, the city of Bath is an afterthought, at best.

And that’s a shame because in some ways, Bath represents some of the most fascinating aspects of Britain all rolled into one. Of course, there’s the beauty of the English countryside and River Avon. But more to the point, Bath is a city where ancient and historic cultures intersect.

The city is just an hour’s drive from prehistoric Stonehenge. It’s near the site of the Battle of Badon, where King Arthur defeated the Anglo-Saxons. And it was in Bath in 973 that Edgar of England was crowned king in a ceremony that became the template for all future coronations. And we haven’t even gotten to the 11th century yet.

But let’s start with the reason Bath is called Bath in the first place: the Roman occupation.

Temple Spa  

After Rome conquered Britain in 43 A.D., its soldiers were soon drawn to the area’s natural hot springs. By 100 A.D., a religious and spa complex, dedicated to Minerva and the Celtic goddess Sulis, was erected.

The Romans kept adding to the spa, building out the complex and city for the next 300 years. The Roman Baths remaining today are stunningly well preserved, offering a full glimpse of its scope and sophistication.

The Great Bath is the spa’s centerpiece, a swimming pool-sized hot tub flanked by columns, with a roof overhead. There were also separate areas for hot baths, warm baths and cold baths, and the customary “laconicum,” a super-intense sauna.

The accompanying museum tells a crystal-clear tale of the city’s origins, glory and downfall. You can even sample the spring water in the spa’s Pump Room. I have to warn you, though, it’s not very tasty.

Ancient history wasn’t the first thing that struck me about the city of Bath though, oddly enough. It was how the city was laid out and built up in the 18th- and 19th centuries.

Neoclassical Design 

Bath as it is now was constructed mostly during a 100-year era known as the Georgian period. And there’s a breathtaking homogeny to the city’s skyline unlike anything I’ve seen.

Essentially, what gives the city of Bath its distinctive appearance is its color. Many of the buildings were constructed with the same locally sourced golden stones and feature similar flourishes. And most of the streets, parks and buildings were laid out by John Wood, the Elder, an 18^th century English architect.

Maybe that’s why Bath – not just the Roman Baths but the entire city – is named a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the only such city in the United Kingdom.

When you scan the city’s terraced horizon, it’s difficult to tell where one row of buildings end and another begin. Watching the sun set over the city is incredible, with oranges and purples mixing with Bath’s own honey-hued skyline.

Day Tripping to the Stone Age

John Wood, the Elder, was also notable for being the first person to map out Stonehenge, the iconic stone circle constructed between 3000 and 2000 B.C.

Wood surveyed Stonehenge in 1740, publishing an account with hundreds of painstaking measurements in the footnotes. And his survey stands as an important archaeological document today: It includes areas of stones which collapsed just 50 years later, in 1797.

Stonehenge is a popular day trip from Bath, given its proximity. And both Bath and Stonehenge are popular day trips for tourists in London looking for a change of scenery. It’s well worth the trip.

Bath is a living history lesson, a compressed account of Britain from the Druids to the Romans to King Arthur to Jane Austen (one of its most notable residents) to WWII. And there are landmarks I haven’t even mentioned, such as Bath Abbey, founded in the 7th century, and Pulteney Bridge, built in the 18th century with shops on both sides (pictured below).

But even if you disregard all of its history, the city is beautiful in its own right. Its public parks, especially Royal Victoria Park, should be part of any day-trip itinerary.

Add it all up and Bath truly is a timeless place, as historic as it is seductive, as cultural as it is idyllic.

Take the hassle out of travel and book an adventure today with AAA Travel.

What’s your favorite “best-kept secret” spot? Let us know in the comments below.

In a mirror, in a puddle or on the surface of a perfectly still lake, reflections offer new perspective and make for especially interesting photos.

Thank You for Participating! (Session Closed) 

Browse through all of the photos we received during April’s reflection-themed Photo Session in the slideshow below, and don’t forget to check our social media channels, where we will be sharing some of our favorites. Select photos may also appear in an upcoming issue of Your AAA magazine.

Reflection Photo Tips

• Adjust your gaze. You’ll be surprised at all the reflections you can find once you start looking for them. A puddle is just a puddle until you notice it’s reflecting the blossoming cherry tree above it. Look for reflections in everything from shiny cars to storefront windows.
• Play with composition and angles. Try different ways to compose your photo and a variety of angles. Depending on your approach, reflection photos could be symmetrical or otherworldly and surreal.
• Plan ahead. Sunrise and sunset are peak times for reflections. Double the color!

Learn more about reflection photography and the right camera settings to use with these tips from Adobe.

Check out past AAA Photo Sessions and stay tuned for the next one.

The Northeast is home to a plethora of great hiking spots for every skill level. But if you’ve never hiked before, hitting the trails might feel a bit intimidating. See how to prepare, dress and pack for your first hike with this list of tips and other hiking essentials for beginners.

Before Your Hike

Prior to your outing, take a couple of steps in advance to make the most of your hike later.

First, check the weather forecast. Not only will you want to know the temperature to decide how to dress, avoiding precipitation is key to a safer, less stressful hike.

Eat a hearty, healthy breakfast or lunch, depending on when you plan to hike. You’ll want plenty of energy to get you through your trek.

Let someone (a family member, friend, neighbor, etc.) know where you’re going, especially if you’re heading out alone – just in case you get lost or injured during your hike.

If you plan to do a lot of hiking this season, consider taking a first aid or navigation course. The American Red Cross, Adirondack Mountain Club and Appalachian Mountain Club are both helpful sources.

Hiking Essentials for Beginners

The perfect list of hiking essentials varies from person to person, but these supplies are a good place to start.

Suitable Shoes

Proper footwear is arguably the most important item for a hike. To find your best hiking shoes, consider your athletic ability, experience level and the type of hiking you’ll be doing.

If you have strong ankles, lightweight boots or trail-running shoes are sufficient, otherwise go for stiffer midweight hiking boots.

Once you have a type of shoe in mind, you’ll want to make sure the fit is right.

“Your heel should be locked in place inside the boot to prevent blister-causing friction, and there should be minimal extra space around your foot (although you should be able to wiggle your toes freely),” according to the Appalachian Mountain Club.

Pro tip: It’s best to break in new shoes before going on a longer hike.

Water Bottle

Staying hydrated is imperative during a hike. Have at least one quart of water for each person on your trip.

Reusable bottles are the way to go. Wide-mouth, collapsible and insulated bottles are all great options.

Also, consider a way to purify more water in case of an emergency. Squeeze-style or pump filters take up some room and require a bit of effort to use but are better for groups or longer trips. Bottles like the GRAYL GeoPress and Katadyn BeFree come with filters, making them a good backup for solo treks.

See this guide for information on boiling water, chemical treatments and using ultraviolet light to kill microorganisms and purify water.

Bug Repellant

Using insect repellant can help keep you protected against mosquito-borne illnesses as well as Lyme disease and other diseases carried by ticks.

Bug repellants come in many forms, including sprays, lotions, oils and wipes. Each has their own pros and cons, so choose which best suits your needs. Four of the most common ingredients in bug repellants are DEET, picaridin, permethrin and oil of lemon eucalyptus.

DEET and picaridin are effective against biting insects by hiding your scent. Both can be used on the skin and clothing. DEET offers a few more hours of protection by comparison but will damage plastics and certain clothes, can come off as you sweat and feels greasy to some people. Picaridin is odorless and non-greasy.

Permethrin should not be applied to your skin. Being an insecticide, permethrin kills mosquitoes and other bugs that come in contact with it. “Use 0.5% permethrin to treat clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks and tents) or buy permethrin-treated clothing and gear,” according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Oil of lemon eucalyptus is moderately effective compared to the others but is more natural. It’s the most effective and long-lasting plant-derived formula; however, some products shouldn’t be used on children under three, according to the EPA.

Always use bug-repellant products as directed, and try wearing long sleeves and pants for another layer of protection. Use the EPA search tool to find your preferred bug repellant.

Pro tip: Bring a lint roller and use it to help pull ticks off your clothing after a hike.

Fit Aid Kit

You can buy a pre-assembled first aid kit or create your own.

Either way, make sure you have these essentials: antibiotic ointment, hydrocortisone cream, bandages, gauze, adhesive tape and adhesive padding (like moleskin) to treat cuts/scrapes, bug bites/stings and blisters. You’ll also want supplies to treat a sprain, like ACE bandages and a pain reliver/inflammation reducer, like ibuprofen.

To complete your first aid kit, consider a pair of scissors – to cut gauze, moleskin, etc. – and a whistle to alert others if you’re ever in trouble.

Rations

Bring along some calorie-dense foods to keep you feeling full and energized during your hike.

Snacks like jerky and energy/protein bars (like Larabar, Clif Bar, ProBar, Luna and Kind) are quick and easy, but be wary of too much salt, which can make you feel thirsty.

Nuts and seeds – like almonds, peanuts, walnuts and sunflower seeds – and nut butters are lightweight and packed with protein. Dried fruits and berries, like banana chips, dried cherries and raisins, along with dark chocolate, have a good amount of calories and will satisfy a sweet tooth. Put it all together to make a trail mix.

Spare Clothes

When dressing for a hike, layering is a great way to stay warm or cool off.

Wear or bring a hat, like a baseball cap to block the sun or a beanie to keep your head and ears warm. Also, have an extra pair of socks, in case your feet get too damp with sweat or you sustain an injury.

“Good hiking socks wick moisture away from your skin and provide padding for your feet,” according to Appalachian Mountain Club. You should avoid cotton, and go for a mix of materials, like acrylic, nylon, polyester and polypropylene (or olefin). These synthetic fibers dry quickly and add durability.

Finally, consider a light jacket to combat a chilly breeze or sudden shower. A water resistant nylon windbreaker is lightweight and will keep your dry for a short period of time. A waterproof jacket will keep you drier, but will likely be heavier as well.

Sun Protection

You’ll also want to protect your skin and eyes from the sun’s harmful rays.

Go for sunglasses that feel comfortable sitting on your face and ears while offering ultraviolet protection. When it comes to sunscreen or suntan lotion, the FDA recommends using a broad-spectrum SPF 15 sunscreen for protection, but the American Academy of Dermatology recommends using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.

Sun protection clothing and lip balm are other supplies worth considering.

Navigation

Navigation tools like a map and compass are trustworthy and essential – you don’t have to worry about batteries dying or losing a signal. Always carry a map of the trail; if you take a picture of it on your smartphone, you’ll be able refer to the map on your camera roll even if there’s no cell service.

For an added level of security, consider a separate GPS device or personal locator beacon.

Light and Heat

In case clouds roll in or sunset comes faster than you were excepting, consider bringing a light source. A simple flashlight – separate from the one on your phone – or a headlamp, to keep your hands free, will do.

A lighter, waterproof matches and/or fire starter are other helpful tools. They’ll offer light and the ability to make a fire, if needed.

Miscellaneous

Some additional tools you might want to consider for your hike are a knife, multipurpose tool and/or duct tape. A multipurpose tool will help you repair to your sunglasses, cut a piece of gauze, pull out a splinter and more.

You might also want to bring some emergency shelter. A tarp, Bivy bag or emergency blanket are all good options – and a heavy-duty garbage bag will do in a pinch.

Sanitation

Bring along some travel-size hand sanitizer and/or disinfectant wipes and a spare face mask.

Backpack

Last, but certainly not least, you’ll need a way to carry all your hiking supplies. A backpack is the perfect method.

You’ll want a pack with comfortable straps, plenty of pockets and a loop/key ring or two for a carabiner and/or your safety whistle, hand sanitizer, etc.

Comfortable, lightweight backpacks like the Osprey Daylite Daypack and Gregory Packs are great for hiking beginners.

Pro tip: Bring a trash bag to keep garbage away from the rest of your supplies.

If you’re planning on a longer trip outdoors, AAA members can save on RV rentals at Outdoorsy.

Are you going hiking this season? Tell us about it in the comments.

Life is about the journey, and traveling by RV or boat is a unique way to make the most of it. When you are ready to break away from the everyday, these recreational vehicles provide the sense of freedom that comes with operating on your own time and can get you to places an ordinary car might not be able to.

Keep your mind clear while out on the open water or road by knowing you have the right insurance. Speak to a AAA Insurance agent to find out more about a specialized boat or RV policy that works for you.

Boat Insurance

One of the first questions a new boat owner might have is if they should purchase insurance. If you lease or finance a boat, the lending institution will require you to do so. If you own your boat outright and your state does not require liability coverage, there are still many reasons why specialty boat insurance is recommended.

Marinas often request proof of insurance before allowing you to rent a dock or boat slip. Even if you don’t plan to contract with a marina, boat insurance is a wise investment in order to have sufficient protection for yourself, your passengers and your watercraft. Listing a boat on your homeowners policy will only provide limited coverage.

Regardless of if it’s a sailboat, speedboat or other vessel, being out on the water poses unique risks such as hitting a pier, dock, buoy or other boats. Beyond collision, someone may suffer an injury, or your boat may fall victim to vandalism, fire or theft. With the proper coverage, you can be insured for medical costs, bodily injury, and property liability and damage to your boat and equipment, as well as to others. While customizing your policy to your needs, you should also go over exclusions with your insurance agent.

When discussing your boat insurance quote, be prepared to share as much information as possible about your boat usage and storage as well as descriptive information such as the age, type, length, horsepower and value.

RV Insurance

Whether you are traveling to a favorite campground or exploring a series of small towns, RVing comes with special insurance needs.

More than a vehicle, an RV is a home while you travel or may even be your permanent residence. Even the electronics within an RV differ from a typical vehicle. You may have outfitted your camper with a satellite dish and more expensive sound equipment that need protection. When selecting RV insurance, your premium will differ if you live in your RV versus using it for trips, as full-time RVers need coverage similar to a homeowners policy.

Moreover, consider the amount and types of personal property that you will be storing in your RV as you travel and speak to your agent to make sure your policy is crafted to provide the coverage you’re expecting in the event of a loss.

RV insurance should provide you with liability coverage for bodily injury and property. This covers costs if you cause damage to another vehicle or cause an injury during an accident. RV owners may also be liable for claims from guests and should make sure their policies are designed to cover injuries and property damage that occur in your RV as well as on your campsite.

Because of the amount of time spent on the road, another important feature of RV insurance is total loss replacement coverage if your RV is totaled in an accident. You might prefer a policy that provides you with the replacement value of the RV – a new, comparable RV – instead of the “actual cost” or depreciated value. (Depending on the type of boat, you should also look into this on a boat policy.)

Also ask about emergency expense allowances. If you break down, you will want to know if you are paying for food and lodging coverage in your premium.

Enjoy the freedom of boating and RVing with complete peace of mind. Learn more about investing in RV and boat insurance with AAA. 

Few would argue electric vehicles aren’t without their faults – they’re often expensive, take time to charge, etc. Their positive effect on the environment, however, is rarely brought into question. 

 The presence of an electric-powered battery instead of an internal combustion engine allows these cars to roam the roadways without producing any harmful tailpipe emissions. But between manufacturing, charging and recycling them, these batteries may not be as green as they seem. It begs the question: Are electric car batteries bad for the environment? 

 Let’s follow an electric car battery through its life cycle to see where it’s helping the environment and where it’s not. 

Raw Materials

The environmental toll of electric car batteries begins before the product is even assembled, most notably in the mining of its active material, lithium. To extract lithium from the earth, an immense amount of water is pumped down into salt flats, bringing mineral-rich saltwater to the surface. Lithium is filtered out of the mixture left behind after the water evaporates. 

 This water-intensive process is problematic for several reasons, including its potential to contaminate the water supply. Further complicating the issue is the location of these mines, many of which are found in desert regions of Australia and China. More than half the planet’s lithium supply, however, is in an area called the Lithium Triangle, spanning Andean Mountain sections of Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. The area is one of the driest places on the globe, and lithium mining consumes as much as 65% of the region’s water, according to the United Nations. 

 Lithium isn’t the only potentially hazardous electric vehicle battery material. The process of mining for cobalt, the majority of which is done in the Democratic Republic of Congo, produces hazardous byproducts that can toxify the environment. Cobalt mine sites often contain sulfur, which generate sulfuric acid when exposed to air and water. This process wreaks havoc on rivers, streams and aquatic life, creating damage that can last for hundreds of years, according to the United Nations. 

Production

Because of methods required to mine for its raw materials, and their subsequent environmental effects, battery production is likely the most environmentally damaging stage in the manufacturing of electric vehicles. Research by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) found battery manufacturing to account for 15% to 20% of an EV’s lifecycle emissions.

If you remove the lithium battery from the equation, production of electric- and gas-powered vehicles is very similar and thus, have nearly identical effects on the environment. Its inclusion, however, makes electric vehicle manufacturing slightly less environmentally friendly than that of gas-powered vehicles.  

In-Use

Critics of electric vehicles are often quick to point out that green vehicles aren’t, in fact, green. They are charged by an electrical grid likely powered by fossil fuels. This is true. Unless the electricity utilized to power an electric car battery is derived entirely from renewable energy, there are emissions associated with it. 

But electric grids across the country are shifting to a mix of natural gas, wind and solar power. Currently, nearly 20% of the electricity in the country is powered by renewable energy, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. (Close to home, nearly 17% of New England’s electrical grid and more than 40% of upstate New York’s is fueled by renewable sources.) Regardless of where you live, you’re likely getting at least some of your power from green energy. 

Even accounting for electricity emissions, however, research shows that an electric vehicle is typically responsible for lower levels of greenhouse gases than an average new gasoline car due to the complete absence of tailpipe emissions over the entirety of the car’s lifespan. Gas-powered cars, as we know, are another story. The EPA has continuously found the country’s transportation sector to be the largest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, with cars and trucks leading the way within the category. 

Recycling

Electric and internal-combustion vehicles have drastically different environmental effects when the cars are in use. But when it comes to recycling, the situation is completely reversed. As little as 5% of the world’s lithium batteries are recycled, according to the American Chemical Society, a stark contrast to the 99% of lead car batteries recycled here in the U.S. 

The dearth of recycled lithium batteries has significant economic repercussions, but it also takes a dire toll on the environment. Most lithium batteries end up in landfills, where their hazardous components can leak into the soil and groundwater. Landfills are also a major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, the EPA reports. Recycling would also limit the need for mining raw materials, an environmentally destructive stage in an electric car battery’s lifespan. 

So why are so few lithium car batteries recycled? In short, because it takes a lot of time, money and effort. Unlike lead batteries, there’s no standardization when it comes to lithium car batteries. They often vary in size, shape and component ratios from one manufacturer to another. Each one, therefore, needs to be broken down in a different manner, creating a highly labor- and energy-intensive process. Making matters worse, battery packs are not designed to be disassembled. They can contain several thousand individual battery cells plus a complex system of circuitry and sensors. All of these components are tightly packed together and secured in a plastic or aluminum case. 

Like other aspects of electric vehicles, lithium battery recycling finds itself stuck in a chicken-and-egg problem. Because of the hurdles, governments and private companies have been hesitant to invest in large-scale recycling programs, but improving recycling efficiency won’t occur without such efforts. We are beginning to see some changes, however. In 2019, the Department of Energy announced the creation of the ReCell Center, the government’s first lithium battery recycling research center, dedicated to developing a cost-effective, environmentally sound recycling process that “will help enable the United States to compete in a global recycling industry and also reduce our reliance on foreign sources of battery materials.”

In Conclusion: Are Electric Car Batteries Bad for the Environment?

Environmentally speaking, electric vehicle batteries are far from perfect: assembling them depletes the Earth of its natural resources; manufacturing them is energy intensive; charging them requires dirty energy; and recycling them is nearly impossible. 

These negative effects, however, are offset by the absence of tailpipe emissions throughout the vehicle’s lifetime. the aforementioned ICCT study found electric vehicles in the U.S. produce 60%-68% fewer emissions over their lifetime than gas-powered cars. 

So, in short, electric vehicles are the more climate-friendly choice. That said, there’s room for improvement. More efficient manufacturing methods, greener electric grids and improved recycling options would benefit electric car batteries – and the environment – going forward. 

Visit AAA’s Electric Vehicle platform for more information on these cars of the future.